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      CommentAuthorDanieru
    • CommentTimeOct 18th 2006 edited
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    I am currently reading British Philosopher John Gray's - Heresies - Against Progress and Other Illusions.


    Where Gray's earlier tour de force, Straw Dogs, introduced me to his main theories, Heresies succeeds in fortifying them, readily providing a glimpse into the past few years of Grays political and philosophical writings. His style is extremely lucid, concise and self aware. I find it hard not to revel in his ideas.

    His main tenets, as I understand them, include:

    1. Humanism, and with it 'progressive liberalism', are born of Christian ideologies and as such reflect a religious-like <em>faith rather than a rational materialism.

    2. The belief maintained in science as humanity's tool of salvation is naive and, at base, a nonsense. Science can bring change, but progress is an illusion.

    3. Free will, and thus morality, are also illusions.

    4. Humans are animals driven by natural forces beyond our comprehension. Animals should not be understood as separately existing species, but merely as an ever evolving interplay of forces proceeding one another in rapid fashion. The idea that 'we' can control such nonexistent entities is therefore a farce.

    5. Humanity is a rapacious species and a detriment to the planet Earth, Gaia.

    6. History is a series of cycles ultimately leading to nowhere.

    The liberation inherent in such interpretation is, for me, anything but cynical, yet I find myself at a pause when trying to fully grasp Gray's world view......

    (FULL POST can be found on The Huge Entity main page...)
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    I read Straw Dogs recently (as I mentioned in another topic) and it's certainly one of the best books I've read all year (and I've read almost thirty)

    I find myself agreeing with him on basically everything he says, which should be a scary thing, and yet it’s not. You're right to say that labeling his work as 'cynical' is a poor description. Indeed, I imagine it would only be labeled as such by those people who believe in the illusion of progress. The word and all its negative connotations has been used as a weapon against philosophers such as Gray for a long time. In reality, he is simply pulling away the wool from over their eyes.

    How do we live, then, within the frame of the picture of the world he paints? He makes very few suggestions within Straw Dogs, but there is one sentence that I picked up on:

    “Today the good life means making full use of science and technology – without succumbing to the illusion that they can make us free, reasonable, or even sane. It means seeking peace – without hoping for a world without war. It means cherishing freedom – in the knowledge that it is an interval between anarchy and tyranny.”


    In Gray’s world, this seems to be the only answer. I would add that we can in a sense detach ourselves from it all, and seek simply to explore that which is most accessible and profound to us: experience.

    Anyway, Heresies is certainly on my ‘to-read’ list.
    • CommentAuthorkayman
    • CommentTimeOct 19th 2006 edited
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    I've read Straw Dogs and loved it; didn't know about Heresies, thanks for telling us about it.

    I think you have to call Gray's view cynical. If you don't like that word, then call it pessimistic--but that's what it is. His views offer no hope for the human race, (and as Orphusi mentioned, barely any solution either for his observations), no redemption, they refute all meaning, they go against every traditional view of hope and progress--even science. He may not approach his writing cynically--for instance, I found that his writing is just a laydown of the facts (interesting ones) more than anything.

    You're right, though, relative to those who believe in progress and traditional hopeful views, Gray's view is extremely cynical. But for those who find his view convincing, it's just the truth, no more. The truth (in Gray) is that there is no real meaning or hope -- but, well...we already knew that, I think. Once you've read enough of this sort of really controversial, mind-bending philosophy, Gray is just another thrilling advancement. It's just that most people don't, and they're caught up in the comfort of hope and progress (falseness). Gray makes perfect sense to anyone who can dare to admit to themselves that everything they've been told is wrong. Otherwise, he seems purely outlandish and cynical.

    Just because we accept cynical views doesn't mean that the views are not cynical, though. The difference is we're just able to see the truth beyond the cynicism--others just see pure cynicism.
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      CommentAuthorDanieru
    • CommentTimeOct 19th 2006 edited
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    As a bolster to this conversation please check out this two part video debate here and here....

    Richard Dawkins, Norman Macleod and one of my intellectual heroes Jonathan Miller discuss everything from Darwinism to free-will, religion to John Gray....

    I'm off to finish watching part II right now. Great stuff.

    (Thanks to The Rational Response Squad for the links)

    I have also just posted a link to Jonathan Miller's 'Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief' on the main page. Definitely the best documentary I have ever had the pleasure of watching. Believers welcome to view... Let me know what you think!
  2.  permalink
    Thanks for the links, Dan. Part 1 was good stuff, looking forward to part 2. If you found what they were talking about with regards to gene-selfishness vs. human altruism, you should read Matt Ridley's "The Origins of Virtue", which I just finished, and which Dawkins advocates.

    Jonathan Miller proved very intelligent in that interview. I'm trying to watch the documentary you posted but it's not loading properly... not sure what's wrong with it, because Google Video's usually work for me.
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      CommentAuthoridoru345
    • CommentTimeOct 22nd 2006
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    I haven't read Gray's book yet (though after your synopsis, I feel I must); even so, his ideas seem to correspond to the point of view I've reached after years of believing - quite passionately at times - in the idea of progress.


    That is, once I chucked off religious belief - at least, the Christian variation of that universal human wish for cosmic protection and kind regard - secular 'belief', built upon modernized Euro Age of Enlightenment concepts, married to a 'Star Trek' notion of both scientific and civilizational advancement, filled the void.


    Well, now it's clear to me that although science and technology can be refined and made ever more subtle as we uncover, and mimic, more of nature's methods, this doesn't mean that our speicies is moving towards any particular point (other than death, since all things, even entire worlds, eventually die).


    Taking an over-used reference down from the shelf yet again, I have to say that the first time I was visually introduced to the idea of change without progress was while sitting alone in a darkened theatre watching Blade Runner.


    The Interview


    There, onscreen, were nearly all of my childhood tech-utopia fantasies - the airborne cars, the deep space colonies, the exquisitely constructed androids. And yet, the world was a quite grim place (a lovely, small moment that sums it up for me: neo noir replicant killer Deckered is using a public vid phone to speak to someone - the phone is "futuristic" but filthy from abuse, an inadvertant counter to the sterile perfection of the "2001" vid phone from orbit moment). This truly confused my progress-fixated sensibilities for good while. Only with the pasage of time, as I've watched real advancements that once seemed like dreams become reality and yet, simultaneously witnessed the world's continued turmoil and apparent slide into a dangrous love of competing mythologies, has the visual wisdom of Blade Runner become clear to me.

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      CommentAuthoridoru345
    • CommentTimeOct 22nd 2006
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    One other thought about Gray...


    Before buying a book, I tend to judge its purchase worthiness, so to speak, by the quality of criticism it attracts. Not only positive criticism, mind you, but also negative.


    Note, for example, this Amazon.com comment thread about Gray's "Straw Dogs". Quite a few contributors have strongly negative things to say and make interesting counter-arguments ("interesting" at least, to me, a man who has yet to pick up the book).

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      CommentAuthorDanieru
    • CommentTimeOct 22nd 2006 edited
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    Progress is a tricky topic, so much so in fact that I wrote my uni dissertation on it! (Not a very good dissertation mind you).

    Technology, science, even moral theory are all progressive entities, it appears to be down to a matter of balance how those entities tend to play out in human society. Don't many claim that there are more slaves living right now than were ever previously in existence? So much for moral progress. When we live in a world which can cure many types of cancer, but where even the simplest of bacteria can become immune to our overt use of penicilin one can hardly claim that 'progress' doesn't come at a cost.

    Are we really so arrogant as to believe that any causes we set off now will still be wrippling effects 10,000, even 5,000 years from now? The UK government recently set to work on plans to safely store nuclear waste for an indefinite period of time, leaving the humanity of the far future to deal with it. We are to them what the Egyptian Pharoahs are to us. What will be our Rosetta Stone I wonder?

    According to a recent New Scientist article it would only take 100,000 years for obvious signs of our inhabitance of Earth to be completely wiped out. I suppose nature will end up having to clean up our mess whatever the next few centuries bring.

    Still, we must dream of something. We'll never get any better or worse at doing that. Every imaginary journey needs an imaginary goal:
    "A map of the world that does not include Utopia is not worth even glancing at, for it leaves out the one country at which Humanity is always landing." - Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism
    and besides, it's fun speculating on the absurdity of it all. That's what us lot do best anyway. I wouldn't have a website if I didn't somehow believe in this species of 6.5 billion (oxy)morons.

    ----

    Let me know how 'Straw Dogs' treats you. I'd love to hear your (John Gray corrupted) thoughts. I'm off to bed to dream a little.
  3.  permalink
    Today we live in a world where instead of outright moral indecency (such as the overt and unabashed slavery, racism and sexism of the previous centuries) we now practice the subtle art of cloaking our crimes beneath the veil of hyperbolic terms such as ‘democracy’ and ‘freedom’… we’ve simply moved slavery into other countries (sweatshops), sexism and especially racism are still hugely prominent (governments simply don’t admit to it anymore, and we use ‘political correctness’ to somehow heal these problems when in fact all they do is create a bigger divide) – meanwhile, in the age of Information, Communications and Technology, we are hardly living up to what should be our new moral obligation; to heal the nations which we have effectively ruined. Right now we look back at previous centuries and think “How immoral they were! Slavery, sexism, colonialism!”, but in the centuries following our own I imagine people will say “How immoral they were! They wallowed in luxuries of all kinds whilst people in other countries starved!” – at least, I should hope that’s what they’ll be saying.

    And if indeed we managed to do something about the great imbalance of poverty and wealth between the nations, it will by no means suggest that we have ‘progressed’ – instead we’ll have solved one moral dilemma, only to fail at answering another, newer one. Perhaps we will be discriminating against and enslaving A.I. instead. Such is the nature of ‘progress’, as John Gray puts it:

    The work needed to deliver humanity is vast. Indeed it is limitless, since as one plateau of achievement is reached another looms up. Of course this is only a mirage; but the worst of progress is not that it is an illusion. It is that it is endless.
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      CommentAuthoridoru345
    • CommentTimeOct 23rd 2006
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    Dr. Ophusi:


    "And if indeed we managed to do something about the great imbalance of poverty and wealth between the nations, it will by no means suggest that we have ‘progressed’ – instead we’ll have solved one moral dilemma, only to fail at answering another, newer one."


    .......


    Yes but I must say, as an American, bombarded with messages that, with slight tweaking, could have been written by 19th century 'fire and brimstone' preachers and living with a sense of dread brought on by Washington's 19th century style war of neo-colonialism in the Middle East, I'd rather like to tackle new problems instead of re-solving old ones in new clothing.


    The other day, a despairing friend, a great lover of science fiction of the "hard" kind (Asimov, Heinlein - the tough old men of sci fi who dreamed of Project Orion-esque atomic rockets sailing amongst the stars) sighed and said "you know, I didn't expect the future to be problem free, I just didn't expect the problems to be from the past."

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      CommentAuthorDanieru
    • CommentTimeOct 23rd 2006 edited
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    Yves Simon wrote in 'Philosophy of Democratic Government':
    "…control over natural phenomena gives birth to a craving for the arbitrary manipulation of men….shaped by the pattern of domination over nature…"
    and Rousseau commented in 'Discourse on the Origins of Inequality':
    "…as every advance made by the human species removes it still farther from it's primitive state, the more discoveries we make, the more we deprive ourselves of the means of making the most important of all. Thus it is, in one sense, by our very study of man, that the knowledge of him is put out of our power."
    Thus the ultimate dichotomy has been drawn. To know the human - through religion, science, moral theory - is to come under the illusion of a higher level of understanding, leading to the corrosive abuse of power. Yet, in constructing a scaffolding by which to build 'better' humans, and thus a more 'progressive' society, we must turn our backs on knowledge which has a relative power issuing from instinct, and pushing us away from innate truths.

    The illusion of progress is surely then an illusion of knowledge and a conflict in the fundamental types of knowledge one can be made aware of. We move two steps forward in practice, but one step back in theory; the very definition of advancement is the destruction of prior knowledge. Balance is always restored.

    I like the idea your friend expressed, and it is one I have heard, and thought, myself a multitude of times. That somehow this is the future; that great time which mythology has predicted the coming of for so much of our existence. Ouroboros!Do you think perhaps that people of ever era have thought in this way? Or was the coming of the 21st century somehow a symbolic transfiguration across worlds, into a new age of our imaginations?

    I am coming around to the fact that every aspect of mankind can be understood through the texture of their mythologies. There are only archetypes.

    Back to the theories of Jospesh Campbell for the lot of us!
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